Pseudomyrmex spinicola ants feeding on nectar produced from extrafloral nectaries, located at the base of the leaves of swollen-thorn acacias (Vachellia collinsii). In this obligate mutualistic ...

Mutualism describes a relationship that benefits both parties – the win-win of our world. A new study reports on a mutualism that goes from ants to trees to elephants to lions and zebras. It serves as ...

1. The Study of Mutualism / Judith L. Bronstein -- 2. The Special Case of Symbioses: Mutualisms with Persistent Contact / Angela E Douglas -- 3. Evolutionary Origins and Diversification of Mutualism / ...

A new North Carolina State University study finds that climate change could be destabilizing the mutualistic relationships between insects and plants. The findings could portend the future fracturing ...

Small cone ants may be climbing onto larger harvester ants in Arizona to give them a spa treatment, a new observation reveals.

In Tanzania, we watched on many occasions when small flocks of red-billed birds descended upon the backs of giraffes, cape buffalo, elephants and hippopotamuses, prancing around like they owned them.

Scientists discovered that swollen-thorn acacias invested more in ant rewards during a drought, suggesting that mutualistic interactions play a crucial role in the plant’s survival, even during ...